Category
Longevity
24 articles
SIRT1 and SIRT3: The NAD⁺-Dependent Sirtuin Research Guide
A comprehensive research guide to sirtuin biology: SIRT1 nuclear deacetylase targets (PGC-1α, p53, NF-κB, FOXO3a, BDNF promoter IV), SIRT3 mitochondrial targets (SOD2, IDH2, LCAD, PDHA1), NAD⁺ substrate dependency, compound modulation data, and full study design protocols for longevity and metabolic research.
Peptide Research for Sarcopenia: SS-31, NAD+, MOTS-c, and Aging Muscle Protocols
A comprehensive research guide to sarcopenia biology and multi-compound peptide protocols: SS-31 cardiolipin/Complex I quality-not-quantity mechanism, NAD+/NMN SIRT3/PGC-1α biogenesis, MOTS-c AMPK/GLUT4 exercise mimetic, and GH secretagogue anabolism — with model selection, endpoint panel, and study design guidance.
Peptide Research for Longevity: The Complete Multi-Target Protocol Guide
A comprehensive research protocol guide covering NAD+/sirtuins, mitochondrial quality control (SS-31), telomere biology (Epitalon), senescence (GHK-Cu), and epigenetic aging clocks — with full study design, dosing tables, and endpoint selection for longevity research.
NAD+ and Skeletal Muscle Research: Metabolism, Atrophy Prevention, and Protocol Design
A comprehensive research guide covering NAD+ mechanisms in skeletal muscle — SIRT1/SIRT3 substrate targets, NAMPT salvage pathway, muscle atrophy prevention (MuRF-1/Atrogin-1), mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose uptake, and published preclinical protocols for aging muscle research.
NAD+ and Circadian Biology: NAMPT Oscillation, SIRT1 Clock Genes, and Research Protocols
A deep dive into the NAD+ circadian amplification loop — NAMPT oscillation, SIRT1/CLOCK/BMAL1 feedback, aging-related amplitude decline, and protocols for circadian-resolved NAD+ research.
SS-31 for Aging Muscle: Mitochondrial Quality Control, Sarcopenia, and Elamipretide Research Protocols
A comprehensive research guide to using SS-31 (Elamipretide) to study sarcopenia and aging muscle biology — covering cardiolipin binding mechanism, Siegel 2013 quality-not-quantity data, aged C57BL/6J study design, satellite cell endpoints, and NAD+ combination protocols.
Epigenetic Aging Clocks: Horvath, GrimAge, and Peptide Research Applications
A comprehensive guide to epigenetic aging clocks (Horvath, Hannum, PhenoAge, GrimAge, DunedinPACE) and how longevity peptides — NAD+, Epitalon, GHK-Cu, SS-31, and MOTS-c — affect measurable CpG methylation and biological age endpoints in preclinical research.
NAD+ and DNA Repair: PARP1, Sirtuins, and Genome Stability Research Protocols
A deep-dive into how NAD+ fuels PARP1-mediated DNA repair and sirtuin-dependent chromatin maintenance. Covers PARP1/SIRT1 competition, SIRT6 DSB repair scaffolding, NMN rescue protocols, comet assay and γH2AX foci methods, and research design considerations for genome stability studies.
Epigenetic Aging Clocks in Peptide Research: Using DNA Methylation to Measure Anti-Aging Compound Efficacy
A deep-dive into using Horvath, Levine (PhenoAge), and Petkovich mouse epigenetic clocks to quantify anti-aging compound efficacy — covering CpG methylation mechanics, clock algorithms, NAD+/Epitalon/GHK-Cu/SS-31 data, bisulfite sequencing protocols, and 6 research design considerations.
Senolytic Peptides: Targeting Cellular Senescence with Epitalon, NAD+, and GHK-Cu
A researcher's guide to cellular senescence — the mechanisms, key biomarkers, and how Epitalon, NAD+, SS-31, and GHK-Cu address distinct senescence pathways. Covers senolytic vs senomorphic strategies, p21/p16 endpoints, SASP cytokines, and full study design protocols.
Collagen Synthesis Research: GHK-Cu and TGF-β1 Pathway Deep Dive
A detailed mechanistic review of how GHK-Cu drives collagen synthesis through the TGF-β1/ALK5/pSmad signaling axis, LOX crosslinking, procollagen processing, ECM remodeling, and synergy with BPC-157 and TB-500 in tissue repair research.
Autophagy and Macroautophagy: NAD+, mTOR, and Cellular Housekeeping in Longevity Research
A deep dive into autophagy mechanisms in longevity research — covering ULK1/ATG complex regulation, mTORC1 suppression via AMPK/NAD+/SIRT1, GLP-1/MOTS-c/SS-31 autophagy data, LC3-II/p62 endpoints, tandem mCherry-GFP-LC3 flux assay, and study design for researchers modeling cellular housekeeping.
Aging Biomarkers in Peptide Research: Telomere Length, Epigenetic Clocks, and NAD+ as Aging Proxies
A comprehensive research guide covering validated aging biomarkers — telomere length measurement methods, epigenetic clock algorithms, NAD+ as a longevity proxy, and mitochondrial DNA copy number — with study design guidance for Epitalon, NAD+, SS-31, GHK-Cu, and MOTS-c protocols.
Mitophagy Research: How SS-31, NAD+, and PINK1/Parkin Pathway Studies Work
A comprehensive guide to mitophagy research covering the PINK1/Parkin pathway mechanism, SS-31's cardiolipin-mediated mitochondrial quality control, NAD+/SIRT1/SIRT3 regulation of mitophagy flux, MOTS-c's AMPK-ULK1 pathway integration, and endpoint selection strategies including mt-Keima, LC3-II flux assays, and p62 turnover measurements.
Humanin and SHLP2: The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides Beyond MOTS-c
A research guide to the full MDP family — Humanin, SHLP2, and MOTS-c. Covers 16S/12S rRNA origins, cytoprotective receptor pharmacology, aging-decline data, DIO metabolic research, and preclinical dosing protocols.
GHK-Cu and Epigenetic Reprogramming: Gene Expression, Nrf2, and Anti-Aging Research
A deep dive into how the copper peptide GHK-Cu modulates over 2,000 genes, activates the Nrf2/Keap1 antioxidant pathway, and reverses aging-associated gene expression patterns in human fibroblasts.
Epitalon: The Pineal Peptide Longevity Research Review
A comprehensive research review of Epitalon (Epithalon) — Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly tetrapeptide structure, pineal gland regulatory function, telomerase activation data, melatonin restoration in aged pineals, rodent lifespan extension studies, cancer incidence reduction data, IP/SC dosing protocols, and reconstitution + storage guidance.
NAD+ Research Protocols: Dosing, Routes, and Study Design
A practical research guide covering NAD+ and precursor dosing protocols — injectable vs oral vs IV forms, published rodent dose-response data, reconstitution protocol, light sensitivity, sirtuin activation endpoints, NAMPT inhibition controls, and four critical study design considerations.
Glutathione and Peptides: Oxidative Stress Research Overview
A research-focused overview of glutathione (GSH) as the master antioxidant, the GSH/GSSG redox system, and how SS-31, GHK-Cu, and NAD+/SIRT3 activate three orthogonal antioxidant pathways. Includes published data, stack design rationale, and research design considerations.
NAD+ Precursors in Research: NMN vs NR vs Direct NAD+ Injection
A pharmacological deep dive into the three main NAD+ replenishment strategies used in preclinical research — NMN, NR, and direct injectable NAD+. Covers intracellular conversion pathways, bioavailability differences, published rodent dose data, the Slc12a8 transporter controversy, methylation burden considerations, and which form to use for which research question.
Peptide Stacking for Longevity: NAD+, Epitalon, SS-31, and GHK-Cu
A mechanistic deep dive into the four-compound longevity research stack: NAD+ (sirtuin/mitochondrial biogenesis), Epitalon (telomerase/melatonin), SS-31 (cardiolipin/mitochondrial ETC), and GHK-Cu (Nrf2/collagen/gene expression). Covers synergy rationale, full factorial study design, endpoint selection, dosing protocols, and research design considerations.
Peptide Research in Anti-Aging: Longevity Biomarkers and Study Design
Key longevity biomarkers for peptide research protocols — telomere length, mitochondrial function, inflammatory markers, and epigenetic clocks — with study design guidance for anti-aging endpoint selection.
MOTS-c: Mitochondria-Derived Peptide and Metabolic Research
A research-focused guide to MOTS-c — the mitochondrial-encoded peptide that activates AMPK, drives GLUT4 nuclear translocation, and acts as an exercise mimetic. Covers mechanism, Lee 2015 Cell Metabolism data, age-related decline, and preclinical dosing protocols.
SS-31 (Elamipretide): Mitochondria-Targeted Peptide Research
A comprehensive research review of SS-31 (Elamipretide), covering its cardiolipin-targeting mechanism, ETC stabilization, ROS attenuation without scavenging, ischemia-reperfusion data, and preclinical dosing protocols.